one’s focus to sweet aspect of patience not to its hard and bitter one. Realization of patience has three stages: the first, facing with difficult situations; the second, evaluating and activating factors of patience, and the third, formation of patience. Factors that are active in the second phase are: Certain knowledge, prudence, passion, fear, piety and anticipation of death. Certain knowledge and prudence are considered as the first stages and the four next factors as the second ones.
Key Word: Patience, Tolerance, Patience Formation Process, Factors, Steps.

Al-Kafi and Qum’s Hadith Discourse

Abdurreza Hammadi

Sayyed Mohammad Kazim Tabatabai

Al-Kafi is considered as the most prominent of Shia hadith book during different periods and long centuries. This book is the result of the efforts of Kulayni and his use of the most important hadith seminaries of that age. Ray, Qom, Baghdad and Kufa were the main Shia hadith seminaries of the age of Kulayni during which he took advantage of their hadith books. Some Orientalists have considered the book as influenced by rationalist Mu'tazilites of Baghdad and believe that Kulayni has presented a fade picture of text - oriented view of Qom in contrast to Baghdad’s rationalistic view. The presupposition of this theory is the compilation of al-Kafi in hadith school of Baghdad. This study shows that, in spite of Orientalist views, al-Kafi was not written in Baghdad. It is the scientific symbol of Qom seminary where there was no text – orientedness without reason; on the contrary, transmission and reason go hand in hand.
Key Word: Kulayni’s Teachers, Hadith School of Qom, Hadith School and Seminaries, Text -Oriented School of Qom, Rational School of Baghdad

Multiplicity of Literal Divine Names

Kavus Ruhi Brandaq

The Arabic word “ism (name)” and its derivatives are widely used in Islamic sciences (such as rational and traditional sciences). This article uses library method for gathering data, documentation for verification of views, and content analysis for analyzing the data. The author of the present paper tries to answer the following question regarding different literal names mentioned in Shia and Sunni hadiths which are listed as Ism Azam: Is it inferred unity or diversity of them? This result is achieved that Divine Names of God mentioned in the Islamic traditions are not the same. They are of different rankings. Therefore their interpreted names are also multiple.