past, they supposed that the revelation has been repeated and accepted the reliability of those hadiths without analyzing the text. Lack of proper analysis of hadiths concerning the reasons for revelation is the most important evidence for accepting this supposition. There is no trace of this supposition in works of early scholars like Tabari. This paper views this hypothesis from different perspectives. Key Words: Multiplicity of Reasons for revelation, Repeat of Revelation, Reasons for Revelations
Ethics and Gender in “The Best Women Virtues” Hadith
Sayyed Hasan Eslami
Are men and woman different in main moral virtues? There is a famous hadith, attributed to Imam Ali, peace be upon him, that states, “The best women virtues are the worst men virtues: pride meanness, and cowardice”. Based on this accepted saying, some Muslim scholars have defended the ethical difference between men and woman. This article tries to asses this Hadith and its trueness in seven sections. In the first section, the differences between narrations of this saying in various old hadith books are reported. The second section reports and analyzes what the interpreters have told about this hadith. In the third section I deal with the scientific foundations of this allegedly biological and social separation between two sexes. The fourth section deals with so-called feminist ethics and tries to show that we can not base ethics on sexual differences. In the fifth section I have argued that this hadith can not be defended by other ethical hadiths and Quranic teachings. The six section traces the content of this hadith in ancient Greek, Persian, and Arab cultures to show that it is not realy Imam Ali’s saying. In the seven and final section I recommended three basic principles to deal with the hadiths concerning women. The coclusion of this essay is that this hadith is forged and attributed wrongly to Imam Ali, peace be upon him. Key Words: Islamic Ethical Virtues, Feminine Virtues, Feminist Ethics, Ethical Hadiths, Masculine Virtues.
A Review of Hadiths on the Virtues of Ahl al-Bayt in a Chapter of the Quran
